![]() Either the organism must eradicate and subsequently re-establish the microbiota from the environment, or it must maintain its microbiota while preventing opportunistic microbes from entering the hemocoel and causing infections.Įarly studies clearly demonstrated the presence and maintenance of bacteria in the gut during metamorphosis in Lepidoptera and Diptera, and more recent work has described the same phenomenon in Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Anatomical re-organization of the body, however, poses a significant problem during the replacement of the gut, as the gut hosts a microbiota. The evolutionary advantage of metamorphosis is usually explained by the adaptive decoupling hypothesis : traits in larvae and adults are genetically decoupled, facilitating adaptation to life-stage specific selection. Most species of insects are holometabolous, including important vectors of infectious disesases (sandflies, mosquitoes) and model organisms ( Drosophila melanogaster, Galleria mellonella) with distinct larval and adult stages separated by metamorphosis, which entails dramatic remodeling of external and internal anatomy. The vast majority of animal species are insects. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. and by the BBSRC Genome Analysis Centre Capacity & Capability Challenge program to JR and PRJ ( ). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: The data are available at NCBI SRA under accession PRJNA268795.įunding: This research was supported by European Research Council ( ) grant 260986 to J.R. Received: JAccepted: OctoPublished: November 6, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Johnston, Rolff. Schneider, Stanford University, UNITED STATES Citation: Johnston PR, Rolff J (2015) Host and Symbiont Jointly Control Gut Microbiota during Complete Metamorphosis.
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